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Understanding Common Faucet Problems and Their Causes

Faucets are among the most frequently used fixtures in any home, which means they experience significant wear and tear over time. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, a single leaky faucet can waste more than 3,000 gallons of water per year—equivalent to the amount needed to take nearly 180 showers. Understanding what causes faucet problems is the first step toward addressing them effectively.

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The most common issue homeowners face is a dripping faucet. This typically happens when the internal valve seat or washers deteriorate. Washers are small rubber or silicone components that create a watertight seal. Over time, mineral deposits from water accumulate on these washers, causing them to wear down unevenly. Hard water areas experience this problem more frequently. When washers fail, water continues to drip through the valve even when the faucet handle is fully closed.

Another widespread problem is low water pressure. This can result from several causes: mineral buildup in the aerator (the screen at the faucet's tip), debris in the water line, or issues with the mixing valve. A clogged aerator is usually the culprit and is relatively simple to address. Sediment accumulation happens gradually, so you may not notice reduced pressure until it becomes noticeable.

Leaks around the base of the faucet indicate a different problem—typically a failing seal where the faucet connects to the sink. This can lead to water damage under your sink if left unaddressed. Corrosion and loose connections are common causes of base leaks.

• Dripping faucets: worn washers or valve seats
• Low pressure: mineral buildup or debris in aerators
• Base leaks: deteriorated seals or loose connections
• Spraying water: split or damaged aerator
• Hot and cold water mixing issues: faulty valve cartridges

Practical Takeaway: Pay attention to changes in your faucet's performance. A small drip today can become a major leak tomorrow. Identifying the specific problem early helps determine whether a repair is something you can handle or requires a professional plumber.

Tools and Materials You May Need for Basic Repairs

Before attempting any faucet repair, gather the necessary tools and materials. Having everything on hand prevents multiple trips to the hardware store and makes the repair process smoother. Most basic faucet repairs require only common household tools that many people already own.

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Essential tools include an adjustable wrench, which fits various bolt and nut sizes. A pair of pliers helps with gripping and turning components. A screwdriver set with both Phillips and flat-head options covers most fastening needs. You'll also want a small flashlight or headlamp to see under the sink clearly. A bucket or towels are crucial for catching water that remains in the lines even after turning off the supply.

Specific repair materials depend on the problem. Replacement washers cost just a few dollars and come in various sizes. A universal repair kit typically includes washers, O-rings, and valve seats for around $10–$20. These kits work with many standard faucet types. Plumber's tape (also called thread seal tape or Teflon tape) costs under $5 and prevents leaks at connection points. For mineral buildup, white vinegar serves as an effective cleaning solution that costs pennies.

If you're replacing internal cartridges or valve assemblies, you may need to purchase a specific replacement part for your faucet brand. Prices vary widely, from $15 for basic cartridges to $100+ for high-end models. Knowing your faucet's make and model helps you order the correct part.

• Adjustable wrench
• Pliers (slip-joint and needle-nose)
• Screwdriver set (Phillips and flat-head)
• Flashlight or headlamp
• Bucket or towels for water drains
• Replacement washers and O-rings
• Plumber's tape
• White vinegar for cleaning
• Allen wrench set for set screws

Practical Takeaway: Invest in a basic plumbing repair kit rather than buying individual items. These kits typically cost $15–$30 and contain washers, O-rings, and other common replacement parts. Keep your faucet's make and model information handy—check under the sink or look at your installation paperwork—so you can order exact replacements if needed.

Step-by-Step Instructions for Fixing a Dripping Faucet

A dripping faucet is often the most manageable repair for a homeowner. The process involves disassembling the faucet, identifying the worn component, and replacing it. This guide covers the most common faucet type: the compression faucet with separate hot and cold handles.

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Start by turning off the water supply. Look under the sink for shut-off valves on the hot and cold water lines. Turn both valves clockwise until they stop. If you cannot locate shut-off valves, you may need to turn off the main water supply to your home. Turn on the faucet to release any remaining water pressure, then place a bucket underneath to catch water still in the lines.

Next, you'll access the handle. Look for a decorative cap or index button on the handle—this often displays whether it's hot or cold. Use a flat-head screwdriver to gently pry off this cap. Underneath, you'll find a screw. Remove this screw and lift off the handle. You should now see the valve stem assembly.

Under the handle is a hexagonal or square collar called the packing nut. Use your adjustable wrench to turn this counterclockwise and remove it. As you do, the valve stem will begin to unscrew. Continue turning counterclockwise until the stem comes completely free. At the bottom of the stem, you'll find the washer held in place by a small brass screw. Remove this screw, take out the worn washer, and replace it with a new one of the same size.

Inspect the valve seat (the opening where the washer sits) while the stem is out. It should be smooth and free of corrosion or pitting. If it feels rough or has visible damage, replace it using a valve seat wrench. If it looks acceptable, simply reassemble by reversing your steps: insert the new washer, reinstall the brass screw, screw the stem back in by turning clockwise, replace the packing nut, reattach the handle, and replace the decorative cap.

Finally, turn the water supply back on slowly. Check for leaks at connection points. If dripping continues, you may need a new valve seat or cartridge.

• Turn off water supply at shut-off valves
• Open faucet to release pressure
• Pry off decorative cap and remove handle screw
• Use wrench to loosen and remove packing nut
• Unscrew valve stem completely
• Remove brass screw holding washer in place
• Replace worn washer with new one
• Check valve seat for damage
• Reassemble in reverse order
• Turn water back on and test

Practical Takeaway: Take photos at each step if this is your first time. This visual record helps if you get stuck or forget the reassembly order. The entire process typically takes 30 minutes to an hour once you have all materials ready. If your faucet continues dripping after replacing the washer, the valve seat likely needs replacement—a slightly more advanced repair.

Addressing Low Water Pressure and Cleaning Aerators

Reduced water pressure at a single faucet usually indicates a clogged aerator rather than a widespread plumbing problem. The aerator is a small device screwed onto the faucet

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